Apple Lisa
 | |
| An original Lisa, with two Twiggy drive slots, under a ProFile hard disk | |
| Specifications | |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Apple Computer, Inc. |
| Type | Personal computer |
| Released | January 19, 1983[1] |
| Discontinued | April 1985 (as the Macintosh XL)[1] |
| Intro price | US$9,995[1] |
| CPU | Motorola 68000 at 5 MHz[2] |
| Memory | ½ MB or 1 MB[3] |
| Storage | Two 5.25-inch FileWare ("Twiggy") drives, 871 KB formatted each; ProFile hard disk, 4.98 MB formatted[3] |
| Display | 12-inch monochrome CRT, 720 × 364[3] |
| Sound | — |
| Ports / interface | Two serial (DB-25), one parallel (DB-25)[4] |
| Expansion | Three internal expansion slots[4] |
| Dimensions | 350 mm H × 475 mm W × 388 mm D (13.8 × 18.7 × 15.2 in)[3] |
| Weight | 22 kg (48 lb)[3] |
| OS / Firmware | Lisa Office System; MacWorks; XENIX |
| Successor | Apple Lisa 2 |
| Codename | Lisa |
The Apple Lisa is a personal computer for business users that Apple Computer released on January 19, 1983, at US$9,995. It has a Motorola 68000 processor, a bit-mapped 720 × 364 display, a mouse and a graphical desktop, and was sold with a bundled suite of office applications.[1] The Lisa 2 series replaced it in January 1984, and the Lisa 2/10 was renamed the Macintosh XL in January 1985.[1]
History
[edit | edit source]Apple's research and development group was working on a successor to the Apple II, code-named Lisa after Steve Jobs's daughter Lisa Brennan. The backronym "Local Integrated Systems Architecture" was invented later to hide the connection. The machine was aimed at the business market and was to use the Motorola 68000 and a hard disk.[1]
In 1979 a group from Apple led by Jobs saw a demonstration of Smalltalk on the Xerox Alto at Xerox PARC. Afterwards Jobs and Lisa engineers including Bill Atkinson worked PARC's graphical interface ideas into the Lisa. Atkinson wrote the QuickDraw graphics library, and Larry Tesler, who had joined Apple from PARC, worked with him on the user interface. A reorganisation in 1982 removed Jobs from the project, which John Couch then managed.[1]
The Lisa was released on January 19, 1983, at US$9,995. The Computer History Museum names several problems besides the price: the multitasking operating system ran sluggishly on the 68000, the bundled applications discouraged third-party developers, and the in-house "Twiggy" floppy drive was unreliable. The Macintosh followed in January 1984 at US$2,495.[1]
The Lisa 2/5 and Lisa 2/10 were announced alongside the Macintosh in January 1984, at US$3,495 and US$5,495. They replaced the two Twiggy drives with a single Sony 3.5-inch drive, the same as the Macintosh's. In January 1985 the Lisa 2/10 was renamed the Macintosh XL and sold with MacWorks, which let it run Macintosh software. Apple dropped it in April 1985.[1]
Hardware
[edit | edit source]Published specification
[edit | edit source]Apple's hardware specification for the Lisa, from Appendix 5 of the Lisa Owner's Guide:[3]
| Item | Apple's figure |
|---|---|
| Cabinet | 350 mm high, 475 mm wide, 388 mm deep (13.8 × 18.7 × 15.2 in); 22 kg (48 lb) |
| Mains, US | 90-130 V AC, 48-68 Hz |
| Mains, Europe/Asia | 180-260 V AC, 48-68 Hz |
| Operating temperature | 5-40 °C (40-104 °F) |
| Operating humidity | 10-80%, non-condensing |
| Internal memory sizes | ½ MB or 1 MB |
| Built-in drives | 871 KB formatted each |
| ProFile | 4.98 MB formatted |
| Screen | 30 cm (12 in) diagonal, 15 × 22 cm (6 × 8.5 in) active |
| Resolution | 364 lines × 720 dots per line |
| Screen refresh rate | 60 Hz |
| Horizontal line rate | 22,900 Hz |
| Dot rate | 20 MHz |
The 68000 runs from a 5 MHz clock. The CPU and the video logic interleave their memory accesses, so instruction times are multiples of 800 ns.[2]
Memory
[edit | edit source]The Lisa 2 takes two identical memory boards (Apple part 661-93105) in the card cage. With one board it has 512 KB; with both it has 1 MB, which is Apple's maximum, though Apple notes that "two megabytes of memory are possible if third party memory boards are installed".[4]
Both memory boards must be fitted to use the diagnostic diskette, and to run any version of the Lisa Workshop.[4] A machine that will not run diagnostics with one board fitted is not necessarily faulty.
Storage
[edit | edit source]The original Lisa has two 5.25-inch FileWare ("Twiggy") drives, 871 KB formatted each.[3] The Lisa 2 replaced them with a single Sony 3.5-inch drive.[1]
The external ProFile hard disk is 4.98 MB formatted[3] and connects to the Lisa's built-in parallel port. Apple's installation step is to "connect the ribbon cable to the ProFile and to the built-in parallel port at the back of the Lisa".[4] The Lisa 2/10 (Macintosh XL) has an internal 10 MB Widget hard disk instead, and needs the 2/10 I/O board and motherboard; a plain Lisa 2 cannot take an internal hard disk because its I/O board and motherboard do not support one.[4]
The Lisa Office System must be installed on a hard disk, so a Lisa 2 without one cannot run it. It can run MacWorks from the 3.5-inch drive, in which case it "behaves like a Macintosh without an external disk drive".[4]
Ports and expansion
[edit | edit source]The Lisa 1 and Lisa 2 motherboard has three DB-25 connectors: two serial and one parallel. The Macintosh XL motherboard has no parallel connector and two DB-25 connectors, both serial.[4] There are three internal expansion slots. Apple's set-up procedure fits the Parallel Interface Card, needed for the Dot Matrix Printer, in expansion slot 2.[4]
Clock battery
[edit | edit source]The I/O board has a battery backup supply that keeps the keyboard/mouse COPS microcontroller, and with it the time-of-day clock, running when the Lisa is unplugged. It recharges while the machine is on and lasts about 10 hours.[2][3] Apple's I/O board schematic shows a 4.8 V NiCd pack, charged from the +12 V rail through D7 and R39, with an on/off switch SW1.[5] The service manual describes it as a set of four batteries on the lower right of the I/O board, with the switch beside them.[4]
The batteries are a board identifier. The Lisa 2 and Lisa 2/5 I/O board (661-93198) has them and no resistor at R-47; the Macintosh XL I/O board (661-93171) has no batteries and does have R-47.[4] A leaking NiCd pack corrodes the I/O board around it; remove the cells from a stored machine before powering it up.[6] Cleaning and repair are covered in Apple Lisa Capacitor Replacement Guide and Battery Explosion, Capacitor or Corrosion Damage.
Identifying a board set
[edit | edit source]Apple's System Boards Compatibility Table identifies each module by part number and ROM revision:[4]
| Module | Apple part number (board number) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Motherboard, Lisa 2 | 661-93106 (620-0108-X) | Three DB-25 connectors: two serial, one parallel |
| Motherboard, Macintosh XL | 661-93170 (620-X141) | No parallel connector; two DB-25, both serial |
| I/O board, Lisa 2 and 2/5 | 661-93198 (620-0117-X) | Batteries fitted; no R-47; disk controller ROM 341-0290 rev. B at 1-A |
| I/O board, Macintosh XL | 661-93171 (620-X142-X) | No batteries; R-47 fitted; disk controller ROM 341-0281 rev. D at 2-A |
| CPU board | 661-93103 (620-0119-X) | Boot ROMs 341-0175 and 341-0176, rev. H |
| CPU board, modified | 661-0298 or 661-93103 | Boot ROMs 341-0347 and 341-0346, rev. 3A |
| Memory boards (two identical) | 661-93105 (620-01XX-X) | Same for every variant |
| Video board | 661-93107 (620-0121-X) | Same for every variant |
The 1982 Lisa Hardware Manual gives the supply's outputs as +5 V ±5% (4-8 A), +12 V ±8%, +33 V, -5 V, -12 V and a +5 V standby rail that stays on when the machine is switched off; the full table is on Apple Lisa General Maintenance.[2] The Lisa 2 has a "8 Amp" power supply rated at 1.2 A AC input, and the Macintosh XL a "10 amp" supply rated at 1.8 A AC.[4] Apple's parts lists give the supplies as 661-93108 (Lisa 1.0/2.0, US), 661-93149 (European) and 661-73172 (Macintosh XL).[7]
Diagnostics
[edit | edit source]Start-up self-test and ROM codes
[edit | edit source]About 30 seconds after power-on, as the CRT warms up, the Lisa shows four icons for the CPU, I/O, memory and expansion cards and highlights each in turn as the boot ROM tests it. A board that fails is shown with a bold X through its icon, and an error code may appear under it.[4]
Once the icons have been tested, the boot ROM and I/O ROM code numbers appear in the upper right corner of the screen for a few seconds. Apple's correct values:[4]
| System | Boot ROM (unmodified) | I/O ROM (unmodified) | Boot ROM (modified) | I/O ROM (modified) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lisa 2 and 2/5 | H | A8 | 3A | A8 |
| Macintosh XL (Lisa 2/10) | H | 88 | 3A | 88 |
"Modified" means the Macintosh XL Screen Modification Kit is fitted. If the codes do not match, Apple's instruction is to install the correct ROM. The diagnostic diskette reports an I/O error on CPU boards whose boot ROMs are earlier than rev. F.[4]
Error numbers
[edit | edit source]Apple's error-number table, hardware entries, with the order in which Apple says to replace parts:[4]
| Number | Problem | Apple's replacement order |
|---|---|---|
| 22, 23, 25, 38 | Cannot clamp, read or unclamp diskette; no boot file | See the "bad diskette icon" start-up messages |
| 39 | Disk controller timeout | I/O board, CPU board, motherboard |
| 40 | MMU | CPU board |
| 41 | CPU selection logic | CPU board |
| 42 | Video circuitry | CPU board |
| 43 | Parity circuitry | CPU board, memory board 1, memory board 2, motherboard |
| 44 | NMI error | CPU board, I/O board, motherboard |
| 45 | Bus error | I/O board, CPU board, motherboard |
| 46 | Address error | CPU board, memory board 1, memory board 2 |
| 47 | Exception | CPU board, motherboard |
| 48 | Illegal instruction | CPU board, memory board 1, memory board 2 |
| 49 | 1010 or 1111 trap | CPU board, memory board 1, memory board 2 |
| 50 | COPS VIA | I/O board, CPU board, motherboard |
| 51 | Parallel port VIA | I/O board, CPU board, motherboard |
| 52 | I/O board COPS | I/O board |
| 53 | Keyboard COPS | Keyboard, I/O board, keyboard cable, motherboard |
| 54 | Clock error | I/O board |
| 55, 56 | RS-232 port A, port B | I/O board |
| 57 | Disk controller | I/O board, disk drive, disk drive cables, CPU board, motherboard |
| 58 | I/O board access | I/O board, CPU board, motherboard |
| 59 | I/O board COPS code | I/O board |
| 60-69 | I/O or keyboard error | Keyboard, I/O board, keyboard cable, motherboard |
| 70, 71 | Memory data, memory parity | The memory board identified by the icon shown |
| 75 | Boot failure | See the start-up error messages for the icon shown |
| 80-85 | ProFile errors | See the "bad ProFile icon" start-up messages |
| 90-93 | Expansion card error | See the "bad expansion card icon" start-up messages |
Codes 43, 46, 48 and 49 point at the CPU board or a memory board. Apple's order is the CPU board first, then memory board 1, then memory board 2.
Software
[edit | edit source]
The Lisa desktop is document-centred. Each application has a stationery pad on the desktop, and the user tears off a sheet to start a new document instead of opening the application.[1] The operating system runs several programs at once.[1]
The Lisa Office System was issued as versions 1.0 and 2.0, followed by the Lisa 7/7 Office System, versions 3.0 and 3.1. Apple told its technicians to upgrade every installation to 3.1. MacWorks, versions 1.0 to 3.0, runs Macintosh software.[4] Apple's service documentation refers to "the six basic Lisa tools" on the tool master diskettes: LisaWrite, LisaCalc, LisaDraw, LisaGraph, LisaProject and LisaList.[4][3] Applications installed on a ProFile are serialised to one Lisa; moved to another Lisa, the Office System starts but the applications will not open.[4]
XENIX, a Unix system, was available for the Lisa 2; its installation guide is dated May 1984.[8]
Variants
[edit | edit source]
- Lisa 2 (January 1984): one Sony 3.5-inch drive in place of the two Twiggy drives.[1]
- Lisa 2/5: a Lisa 2 with a 5 or 10 MB ProFile on the built-in parallel port. Apple's wording is that once a ProFile is connected, a Lisa 2 "becomes Lisa 2/5".[4]
- Lisa 2/10: one 3.5-inch drive and the internal 10 MB Widget hard disk.[4]
- Macintosh XL (January 1985): the Lisa 2/10 renamed and sold with MacWorks.[1] Apple's later Screen Modification Kit changes the boot ROMs (rev. 3A) and the video; see Identifying a board set.[4]
Maintenance
[edit | edit source]
- Remove the NiCd cells from the I/O board of a stored machine before anything else (see Clock battery).
- The CRT anode holds about 15,000 V DC even when the power is off, and can recover charge after discharge; Apple says to discharge it again if a procedure takes more than 30 minutes.[4] See CRT Discharge Procedure.
- Capacitor values for the power supplies and the video board are on Apple Lisa Capacitor Replacement Guide: Apple's schematics for the original supply design and the video board, and Mac84's diagram and a reverse-engineered schematic for the DataPower supply.
Procedures are on Apple Lisa General Maintenance, Apple Lisa Troubleshooting and Apple Lisa Capacitor Replacement Guide.
Documentation
[edit | edit source]- Apple Service Technical Procedures Lisa/Macintosh XL and Apple Lisa Level 1 Technical Procedures Mar85: Apple's Level I service manual (072-0085) in two states, with take-apart, set-up, video adjustments, diagnostics, troubleshooting and illustrated parts lists.
- Apple Lisa Owners Guide 1983: the owner's guide for the original Lisa.
- Lisa Do It Yourself Guide
- MacWorks Manual: Apple's user manual for MacWorks.
- Lisa Hardware Manual: the 1982 hardware manual, with theory of operation for each board.[2]
- Apple schematics: power supply 050-4011-H, video board 050-4012-E, I/O board 050-4008-K.
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Hansen Hsu, "The Lisa: Apple's Most Influential Failure", Computer History Museum, January 19, 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Forrest Warthman and Associates for Apple Computer, LISA Hardware Manual, final draft, 7 September 1982, section 1.3, p. 1-6 (processor clock); section 6.7.3, pp. 6-58 to 6-59 (battery supply); chapter 10 (power supply, schematic 050-4011; Figure 10-1, supply outputs, p. 10-2). Hosted as File:Lisa Hardware Manual Sep 1982.pdf.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Apple Computer, Lisa Owner's Guide (1983), Appendix 5, "Hardware Specifications", pp. 119-120. Hosted as Apple Lisa Owners Guide 1983 (PDF).
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 Apple Computer, Apple Service Technical Procedures: Lisa/Macintosh XL (Lisa Level I Technical Procedures, #072-0085, pages revised to June 1987). Lisa 1.0 Set-up §C "Checking the Battery Switch" p. 2.6, §D p. 2.7 and §E "Installing the ProFile" p. 2.8; Lisa 2 General Information pp. 2-3; Diagnostics pp. 5.2-5.3; Troubleshooting pp. 6.5-6.6 (configuration and system boards compatibility tables), 6.9 (start-up flowchart) and 6.16-6.18 (error numbers); Lisa 2 Video Take-Apart p. 3.3. Hosted as Apple Service Technical Procedures Lisa/Macintosh XL (PDF).
- ↑ Apple Computer, drawing 050-4008 rev. K, "Schematic, System I/O, Lisa", sheet 5 of 5 (analog circuits: battery, contrast latch, speaker amplifier). Hosted as File:Apple Lisa I-O Board Schematic 050-4008-K.pdf.
- ↑ AppleTree, "Lisa 2/5 I/O board restoration", Applefritter forum, 13 November 2023: a Lisa 2/5 bought with battery leak damage on the I/O board and the motherboard; many traces around the battery corroded away, and more under a chip beside it. Community experience.
- ↑ Apple Computer, Lisa Level 1 Technical Procedures, #072-0085, March 1985, Illustrated Parts Lists (Lisa 1.0, Lisa 2, Lisa 2/10). Hosted as Apple Lisa Level 1 Technical Procedures Mar85.
- ↑ XENIX Installation Guide for the Apple Lisa 2, May 1984. Bitsavers: http://bitsavers.org/pdf/apple/lisa/xenix/XENIX_Installation_Guide_for_the_Apple_Lisa_2_May84.pdf
See also
[edit | edit source]- Apple Lisa General Maintenance
- Apple Lisa Troubleshooting
- Apple Lisa Capacitor Replacement Guide
- Apple Lisa Mouse
- Macintosh XL